What cognitive limitation is exhibited when Jake refers to a bird by saying, "Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!"?

The situation described illustrates egocentrism, which is a common cognitive limitation in early childhood development, particularly in children around the age of four to six years. Egocentrism refers to the inability to differentiate between one's own perspective and that of others. In this case, Jake is using phrases like "out there" and "right there" as if everyone shares his view of the situation. He assumes that his grandmother is aware of what he sees and feels the same excitement without considering her perspective or knowledge about the bird.

This behavior is typical of children at this stage of cognitive development, as they often focus on their own experiences and may not fully understand that others may have different thoughts or views. The other options represent different cognitive concepts. Animism involves attributing life-like qualities to inanimate objects, reversibility refers to the ability to understand that actions can be reversed, and abstract thinking entails the ability to think about concepts that are not tangible. However, none of these concepts directly explain Jake's behavior in referring to the bird without considering his grandmother's perspective.